Not cool, Apple.

As far as I know, Android phones, in general, does not resort to CPU throttling based on battery health. Some may have chipset-dependent throttling for safety purposes, like when it's overheating.... which I know Intel is also doing on all of their CPUs for decades.

Most Android phones would have a manual toggle to enable battery save features. It effectively slows down the CPU, lower the display brightness, disable certain network connections, and so on. More importantly, these require user intervention and the battery save mode can be disabled even if you're down to the last 5%.