INSIGHT
Creationism and Evolution
Aired December 1, 2005 - 23:00:00 ET
THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED.
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JONATHAN MANN, CNN HOST (voice-over): In the beginning, there was the battle. Activists in the United States are attacking the theory of evolution in a campaign for what they call intelligent design. How intelligent is it?
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The argument is not that Darwinian evolution doesn't explain anything. It's that it doesn't explain everything.
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MANN: Hello and welcome.
There are a few theories and a few theorists that have shaped the modern world. The years have been kinder to some than others. Einstein is still a towering figure, Freud a very influential one, Marx has fallen on hard times. You can probably put Darwin among the immortals, except lately in the United States.
A movement to challenge his theory of evolution is gaining ground, pushing to be taken seriously and pushing as well to be taught in a growing number of schools. It has different names and it incorporates slightly different perspectives, but it's broadly known as creationism or intelligent design. It has turned a relatively mundane chapter in the biology textbook into a battleground and signaled a much broader struggle over control of U.S. education and culture.
On our program today, design, Darwin and survival of the fittest.
Our Delia Gallagher has this look.
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DELIA GALLAGHER, CNN CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): He's an unlikely rebel, a tweedy biology professor who's found himself at the center of one of the year's most ferocious debates.
Michael Behe is a major player behind intelligent design, the movement that's trying to bring the supernatural into science. Behe was a chief witness in a federal trial over a Pennsylvania high school wanting to include intelligent design, or ID, in biology classes.
MICHAEL BEHE, LEHIGH UNIVERSITY: A lot of people apply a caricature to intelligent design that I think is inaccurate.
GALLAGHER: To get some answers I went to Lehigh University, where Behe has taught for 20 years. What I found was an academic uprising.
(on camera): Is he doing a disservice to science?
TAMRA MENDELSON, LEHIGH UNIVERSITY: In my view, yes.
GALLAGHER (voice-over): Tamra Mendelson teaches evolutionary biology, and like every other member of the Lehigh biology faculty has rejected intelligent design as unscientific, and helped turn Michael Behe into a campus outcast.
(on camera): How long have you been at this university?
BEHE: I came here in 1985.
GALLAGHER (voice-over): Back then, he was an ordinary scientist and Lehigh gave him tenure. That was before he started questioning whether Darwin's theory of evolution fully explained life on earth.
BEHE: When I started to realize that scientifically, it just didn't explain what it claimed to explain, that's when I started to, you know, have doubts.
Science has progressed and at each stage, people have been astonished by the details in life.
GALLAGHER: Behe says you only have to look at the details to realize they were conceived and arranged by a supernatural power.
BEHE: You can tell that something has been arranged when we see a number of different parts that are put together to do something.
GALLAGHER: Take the flagella, that tiny little tail that bacteria use to move around.
BEHE: And it literally is the propeller. It's turned around and around.
GALLAGHER: It looks simple but it's not.
BEHE: If you didn't have a hook, the propeller would fall off. If you didn't have the drive shaft, the motor couldn't transmit any force. If you didn't have any one of dozens of different pieces here, it wouldn't work. It would have to have all these pieces all together before it worked at all. And in order to do something like that, that's beyond random mutation and natural selection. You need an intelligence to do that.
GALLAGHER: A more user-friendly example, the eye. Too complicated, Behe says, to be a biological accident that evolved over time.
Behe published his findings in a book, "Darwin's Black Box." Like most intelligent design writing, it doesn't speculate about who the designer is. But Behe has his own guess.
BEHE: I think the designer is God. I'm a Roman Catholic. You know, heck, you know, God has to be considered a major candidate for the role of the designer.
GALLAGHER: Other intelligent design advocates have other ideas.
BEHE: It's been suggested that maybe space aliens could be the designer, maybe time travelers. You know, maybe some human from the future comes back to the past. And, you know, certainly that's got some sort of difficulties there, but some physicists have suggested that time travel is possible.
GALLAGHER: Talk like that doesn't sit well with Tamra Mendelson.
MENDELSON: Science is restricted to the material world, and has been for 900 years. And it works really well that way. And, so, to propose a supernatural explanation just isn't scientific.
GALLAGHER: Behe doesn't actually teach intelligent design at Lehigh. Still, his colleagues say just his being there is bad for the university's reputation.
MENDELSON: Parents approach us and ask, what's going on? What's going on in your science department? And they are hesitant to send their children here, because they think their children won't get a good education.
GALLAGHER: Lehigh's biology department has even posted a statement on its Web site distancing itself from Behe's research on intelligent design. His colleagues have taped anti-I.D. articles on their doors.
And though university president Gregory Farrington says he can't fire Behe, he won't say he's glad to have him on staff.
GREGORY FARRINGTON, PRESIDENT, LEHIGH UNIVERSITY: He's allowed, as a tenured member, to take positions that are controversial, and he's doing that. And, so, whether I'm happy or not really isn't relevant.
GALLAGHER (on camera): Do you feel ostracized?
BEHE: Sure. Yes. That's OK. You know, c'est la vie. You know, what good is it in arguing for an idea that everybody accepts already?
GALLAGHER (voice-over): A question a lot of scientists throughout the centuries have faced, whether their theories have panned out or not.
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MANN: That trial that Delia Gallagher made quick reference to is the first time that intelligent design has actually been brought before the U.S. courts. Arguments in the case are over now and the judge is expected to rule in the weeks to come.
We take a break. When we come back, we'll introduce you to a new concept called biblical correctness.
Stay with us.
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MANN (voice-over): The battle over evolution is being fought in classrooms, courtrooms and even museums.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Fossils are boring. They're piles of dead things, right?
MANN: A new kind of tour guide is putting a creationist spin on our prehistoric past.
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Welcome back.
Scientific testing has determined that the oldest dinosaur fossils are hundreds of millions of years old. Creationists believe otherwise. According to their literal interpretation of the Bible, everything in the world, including dinosaurs, came into being about 6,000 years ago.
Creationists are using zoos and museums to make their point.
Again, here's Delia Gallagher
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GALLAGHER (voice-over): The Fryberger family drove three hours this morning to get a day-long lesson in creationism.
RUSTY CARTER, B.C. TOURS: OK, B.C. Tours, let's go on and get started.
GALLAGHER: The Frybergers and about a dozen other families are on a very unconventional tour.
CARTER: So B.C. stands for biblically correct, as opposed to being politically correct, right? So, we're B.C., not P.C.
GALLAGHER: Rusty Carter runs a flooring business. And on weekends, he plays tour guide. Today, the Denver Zoo is a classroom. The lesson? Straight from the Bible.
CARTER: What is creation? What do you mean by creation?
MIRIAM FRYBERGER, TOURIST: Creation is when God chose to make the world and he did it specifically, and he put thought into it, and designed it all so that it would work just right together.
GALLAGHER: Here, a glimpse into the Garden of Eden.
CARTER: Oh, here we go guys, a cheetah.
GALLAGHER: And what Adam and Eve saw there, we see right here, at the zoo.
CARTER: It's very simple. We think that the hippos were designed always to be a hippo, and hippos have always been hippos, and elephants have always been elephants. So there's been no change from one animal to a different animal.
GALLAGHER: Rusty admits there was one major change. When God cast Adam and Eve out of the garden, the peaceful creatures became, well, not so peaceful.
CARTER: The aggressiveness and the fighting and the death is a result of sin whereas the evolutionists would say that's survival of the fittest.
CHARISSA FRYBERGER, TOURIST: There's a lot of evidence if you look at the way animals are.
GALLAGHER: As Christian homeschoolers, the Frybergers really aren't learning anything new.
C. FRYBERGER: There's lot of evidence that he could be going through that I don't see him doing.
GALLAGHER: But it is enough for Linda Haskins.