History
Main article: History of the Philippines
Archeological and
paleontological discoveries show that
Homo sapiens existed in
Palawan circa 50,000 BC. The
Negritos, an Australo-Melanesian people, arrived in the Philippines at least 30,000 years ago.
[9] The
Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples, the ancestors of most Filipinos, settled in the Philippines about 2,500 BC.
The Philippines had cultural and trade relations with India, China, and Islamic merchants as early as the 9th century before the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century.
At the service of Spain, Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan and his crew were the first Europeans to arrive in the archipelago in March 1521. Magellan was later killed in battle by indigenous warriors in
Mactan Island on account of political conflicts with
Lapu-Lapu. The beginnings of colonization started to take form when King
Philip II of Spain (after whom the Philippines was named) ordered a successive expedition. The
conquistador,
Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from
Mexico in 1565 and formed the first Spanish settlements in Cebu. In 1571 he established Manila as the capital of the new Spanish colony.
[10]
Spanish rule brought political unification to an archipelago of previously independent islands and communities that later became the Philippines, and introduced elements of
western civilization such as the
code of law,
printing and the
calendar[11]. The Philippines was ruled as a territory of
New Spain from 1565 to 1821, before it was administered directly from
Madrid. During that time new crops and livestock were introduced, and trade flourished. The
Manila Galleon which linked Manila to
Acapulco travelled once or twice a year, beginning in the late 16th century. The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external colonial challenges, specially from the
British, Chinese pirates, Dutch, and Portuguese.
Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the inhabitants to
Christianity, and founded the first schools, universities and hospitals. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced
public education, creating free public schooling in
Spanish [12].
A propaganda movement, which included Philippine nationalist
José Rizal, then a student studying in Spain, soon developed on the Spanish mainland. This was done in order to inform the government of the injustices of the administration in the Philippines as well as the abuses of the friars. In the 1880s and the 1890s, the propagandists clamored for political and social reforms, which included demands for greater representation in
Spain. Unable to gain the reforms, Rizal returned to the country, and pushed for the reforms locally. Rizal was subsequently arrested, tried, and executed for
treason on
December 30,
1896. Earlier that year, the
Katipunan, led by
Andrés Bonifacio, had already started a revolution, which was eventually continued by
Emilio Aguinaldo, who established a revolutionary government, although the Spanish governor general
Fernando Primo de Rivera proclaimed the revolution over in
May 17,
1897.
[1] [
not in citation given]
The
Spanish-American War began in
Cuba in 1898 and soon reached the Philippines when Commodore
George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at
Manila Bay. Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines on
June 12,
1898, and was proclaimed head of state. As a result of its defeat in the War, Spain ceded the Philippines, together with
Cuba (made an independent country, the US in charge of foreign affairs),
Guam and
Puerto Rico to the United States. In 1899 the
First Philippine Republic was proclaimed in
Malolos,
Bulacan but was later dissolved by the US forces, leading to the
Philippine-American War between the United States and the Philippine revolutionaries, which continued the violence of the previous years. The US proclaimed the war ended when Aguinaldo was captured by American troops on
March 23,
1901, but the
struggle continued until 1913 claiming the lives of over a million Filipinos
[13] [14]. The country's status as a territory changed when it became the
Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, which provided for more self-governance. Plans for increasing independence over the next decade were interrupted during
World War II when
Japan invaded and occupied the islands. After the Japanese were defeated in 1945, the Philippines was granted independence from the United States on
July 4,
1946.
[15]
Since 1946, the newly independent Philippine state has faced political instability with various rebel groups. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw economic development that was second in Asia, next to Japan.
Ferdinand Marcos was, then, the elected president. Barred from seeking a third term, Marcos declared martial law on
September 21,
1972 and ruled the country by
decree. Marcos extended both his power and tenure by force. His authoritarian rule became marred with unmitigated, pervasive corruption, cronyism and despotism.