The op-ed page of The New York Times, carried a lengthy article last week by Richard Schmidt, a psychology professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, noting that driver error is almost always at fault in supposed sudden acceleration cases.
Based on his work in the 1986 Audi sudden acceleration case, he writes, "The trouble, unbelievable as it may seem, is that sudden acceleration is very often caused by drivers who press the gas pedal when they intend to press the brake."
Toyota is likely haunted by the spectre of Audi's 1986 trials, when an inflammatory "60 Minutes" report led to scores of claims of so-called sudden acceleration. Audi's crisis management was a textbook case of what not to do--it clammed up, then it blamed drivers--but it was ultimately exonerated.
A long NHTSA investigation closed the books by saying the problem was "pedal misapplication," though it noted that Audi had spaced its pedal very closely together. By that time, Audi's sales had plummeted to numbers so low that the company almost pulled out of the U.S.
Audi subsequently installed an automatic shift lock, which prevents the car from being shifted into gear unless the brake pedal is pressed. Sudden acceleration incidents from standstill have plummeted in cars with shift locks, which Audi licensed to all carmakers.
Schmidt notes that drivers 60 to 70 years old had complaints at six times the rate of those 20 to 30. Complaints were also more common among those unfamiliar with the car involved, and people of short stature. All cars involved had automatic transmissions.
How can a driver place a foot on the wrong pedal? Schmidt cites "noisy neuromuscular processes," in which a limb doesn't do quite what the brain tells it to, leading a driver's foot to deviate slightly from its intended path. Drivers misaligned in their seats raise the risk too.
In the panic following acceleration when the driver expected braking, the immediate response is to press down harder on the "brake" pedal, leading to further acceleration. Drivers, Schmidt says, "typically do not shut off the ignition, shift to neutral, or apply the parking brake."