What does these things really mean?

[Type 100]

"badge of shame" hehe.

It means you're on your first year of driving on public roads. a novice driver.

the orange and yellow badge is for drivers aged 70 and over.

I'm not sure if it's the proper term, but the newbie driver "leaf" badge is called "wakaba." The orange-and-yellow one is called "kareha."

Uls is correct though the "wakaba" is more appropriately called "Shoshinsha"