The best salt in the Philippines in the 1800s up to before the end of the century was said to have come from Irasan or the Barangay Pulanglupa salt beds of Las Pias. At that time, the country was almost wholly reliant on its sea salt requirements, coming not just from Las Pias, but also other shoreline areas where generations of salt makers made a living.
Things changed drastically starting in 1995 with the passage of the Act for Salt Iodization Nationwide (ASIN), which required all salt sold in the Philippines to be iodized to quell the high incidence of iodine deficiency among Filipinos at that time.
Such a myopic law helped curb the country’s acute iodine deficiency levels, but doomed a thriving salt-making industry and all the families dependent on it. Without training and support to add potassium iodate to refined and dried salt, the farmers soon found themselves forced out of work, as selling their produce became illegal.
Hounded by threats of arrest, our salt farmers decided to give up on their livelihoods. In the next two decades, the country would lean more towards importing salts that were already iodized, and surprisingly, priced lower than what was locally produced.
ASIN deficiencies
Iodine deficiency, acute among Filipinos in the late 1980s, manifests itself in a prevalence of goiter cases not just among adults, but also in children. While the lack of iodine in diets is still regarded by the World Health Organization as a global health concern, the passage of ASIN has tremendously helped in curbing iodine deficiency, and limiting it to small pockets of communities, mainly in uplands.
As a sweeping response to a health problem, requiring all salt sold in the country to be iodized can be regarded as a successful measure. However, critics point out that it lacked foresight on two fronts: helping the local salt industry to produce iodized salt;
and giving people the choice to buy the kind of salt they want.
Cheaper methods of iodizing salt has been the subject of many researches, although these remain confined in the realm of studies since ASIN does not mandate any government agency to protect the livelihood of salt farmers through the introduction of iodization technologies.
Over time, such studies became less relevant as almost all of our salt farms disappeared and salt imports filled in for demand.
A few local salt producers have persisted, but have to comply with tedious requirements to manufacture specialized sea salts much in demand abroad among culinary circles.
The other weakness of ASIN has to do with the growing preference of more people for “healthier” salt products, i.e., without the infusion of potassium iodate. Critics argue that iodine can be acquired through other foods such as seafood, and therefore buyers should have the choice to buy the kind of salt they want.
Also, gourmands prefer non-iodized sea salt because of its pure taste that enhances the taste of food. Iodized salt, they contend, leaves a bitter taste that interferes with the true flavors of cooked food. Specialized sea salt represent a lucrative market among a growing number of international chefs.
Amending ASIN
As Senate Majority Leader Joel Villanueva has pointed out, the Philippines should revive its salt making industry given our country’s 36,000 kilometers of shoreline and the employment opportunities that come with encouraging the reopening of old salt beds sites or the establishment of new ones.
But ASIN should also be amended in recognition of health gains in the campaign to bring down iodine deficiency among majority of Filipinos, as well as new trends in healthy living that abhor the iodization process of salt in favor of “natural” sea salts. I, for one, only use “rock salt” to season my food, and make sure to bring this home when abroad.
The prospect of exporting salt may be a long-term objective and, as such, will require the development of a roadmap by the Department of Trade and Industry. Government resources will be needed to grow back the country’s salt-making capability.
Weaning our salt import requirements will also help reduce, if ever slightly, our trade deficit, which had widened to $5.84 billion in June as a result of new import tariff cuts on pork, chicken, and corn, as well as higher cost of crude oil.
Uphill climb
It could be a long uphill climb for our government to revive the salt industry, what with the many challenges up ahead. Sea pollution is a concern, as contaminated water currents could bring urban wastes that threaten the purity of salt extraction.
Bringing back the glory of Irasan, for example, may no longer be feasible given the encroaching urbanization of the area that has made land values unfavorable for salt making. The seawater for salt beds has likewise been sullied by industrial, commercial, and domestic sewage.
When defining areas where salt making can be incentivized, protection of the ecology should be factored in. We live in a strikingly different environment today compared to decades ago. Similarly, any changes in land use, except for salt making, must be strictly observed.
The biggest stumbling block, of course, would be the many other problems that the agriculture sector faces, foremost of them being those involved in the production of basic foods like rice, vegetables, livestock, and fish.
The country’s food security continues to be at risk with the government’s neglect of agriculture, as budget allocations have been reduced through the past years, leading to increased dependence on importations not just of pork and chicken, but also other commodities like onions and garlic.